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Sex reassignment surgery (initialized as SRS; also known as gender reassignment surgery (GRS), genital reconstruction surgery, sex affirmation surgery, gender confirmation surgery, sex realignment surgery, or, colloquially, a sex change) is the surgical procedure (or procedures) by which a transgender person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble that of their identified gender. It is part of a treatment for gender dysphoria in transgender people. It may also be performed on intersex people, often in infancy and without their consent. A 2013 statement by the United Nations condemns the nonconsensual treatment of normalization surgery to treat intersexuality. Another term for SRS includes ''sex reconstruction surgery,'' and more clinical terms, such as ''feminizing genitoplasty'' or ''penectomy , orchiectomy, and vaginoplasty'', are used medically for trans women, with ''masculinizing genitoplasty'', ''metoidioplasty '' or ''phalloplasty'' often similarly used for trans men. People who pursue sex reassignment surgery are usually referred to as transsexual; "trans"—across, through, change; "sexual"—pertaining to the sexual characteristics (not sexual actions) of a person. More recently, people pursuing SRS may identify as transgender as well as transsexual. While individuals who have undergone and completed SRS are sometimes referred to as ''transsexed'' individuals,〔(Journal of International Women's Studies: ...Treatment of UK Transsexed Individuals... )〕 the term ''transsexed'' is not to be confused with the term transsexual, which may also refer to individuals who have not undergone SRS, yet whose anatomical sex may not match their psychological sense of personal gender identity. == Scope and procedures == The best known of these surgeries are those that reshape the genitals, which are also known as ''genital reassignment surgery'' or ''genital reconstruction surgery'' (GRS)- or, somewhat confusingly, ''bottom surgery'' (the latter is named in contrast to ''top surgery'', which is surgery to the breasts; bottom surgery does not refer to surgery on the buttocks in this context). However, the meaning of "sex reassignment surgery" has been clarified by the medical subspecialty organization, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), to include any of a larger number of surgical procedures performed as part of a medical treatment for "gender dysphoria" or "transsexualism". According to WPATH, medically necessary sex reassignment surgeries include "complete hysterectomy, bilateral mastectomy, chest reconstruction or augmentation ... including breast prostheses if necessary, genital reconstruction (by various techniques which must be appropriate to each patient ...)... and certain facial plastic reconstruction."〔see WPATH "Clarification on Medical Necessity of Treatment, sex Reassignment, and Insurance Coverage in the U.S." available at: http://www.wpath.org/documents/Med%20Nec%20on%202008%20Letterhead.pdf〕 In addition, other non-surgical procedures are also considered medically necessary treatments by WPATH, including facial electrolysis. A growing number of public and commercial health insurance plans in the United States now contain defined benefits covering sex reassignment-related procedures, usually including genital reconstruction surgery (MTF and FTM), chest reconstruction (FTM), breast augmentation (MTF), and hysterectomy (FTM).〔See discussion of insurance exclusions at: http://www.hrc.org/issues/transgender/9568.htm〕 In June 2008, the American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates stated that the denial to patients with gender dysphoria or otherwise covered benefits represents discrimination, and that the AMA supports "public and private health insurance coverage for treatment for gender dysphoria as recommended by the patient's physician."〔AMA Resolution 122 "Removing Financial Barriers to Care for Transgender Patients". see: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/15/digest_of_actions.pdf〕 Other organizations have issued similar statements, including WPATH,〔See WPATH Clarification Statement〕 the American Psychological Association,〔APA Policy Statement Transgender, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression Non-Discrimination. See online at: http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/policy/transgender.pdf〕 and the National Association of Social Workers.〔NASW Policy Statement on Transgender and Gender Identity Issues, revised August 2008. See www.socialworkers.org〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sex reassignment surgery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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